भाषाशास्‍त्री अमृत योञ्‍जन‌-तामाङको मातृभाषाबारे हाम्रो बोली-२

यो लेख PDF फाइलमा पढ्न यहाँ क्लिक गर्नुहोस्

मातृभाषासगैको यात्रा-२: ‘मातृभाषामा शिक्षा फड्‍को मानं सकिन्‍छ'
नेपालमा बोलिने १४३ भाषामा पा ठ्‍य सामाग्री तयार गर्न १०४ बर्ष लाग्ने छ
यो लेख पढ्न तपाईंको कम्प्युटरमा प्रीती फन्ट हुनु पर्छ। प्रीती फन्ट डाउनलोड गर्न यहाँ क्लिक गर्नुहोस्। तेस पछी तपाईंको कम्प्युटरको 'C' ड्राइव मा भएको फन्ट फोल्डरमा Save शेभ गर्नुहोस्। PDF फाइलमा पढ्न यहाँ क्लिक गर्नुहोस्। PDF फाइल पढ्न Acrobat Reader चहिन्छ्, यदि छैन भने फ्री डाउनलोडको लागि यहाँ क्लिक गर्नुहोस्।

!= …oxf“ s] 5}g ;a yf]s 5Ú t/

dft[efiffdf kf7\o;fdu|L tof/Lsf] hDdfhDdL Ps bzssf] cg'ej 5 g]kfn;+u, Tof] klg dft[efiff P]lR5s ljifosf] ?kdf dfq . c? ljifox?df vf;} sfd ePsf] 5}g eg] klg x'G5 . dft[efiffdf sIff ;~rfng, sIff Joj:yfkg / lzIfs tflndsf] cg'ej s] 5 eg]/ ;f]Wg' g} kb}{g . lsg o:tf] eof] xf]nf eg]/ tkfO{+sf] dgdf k|Zg p7g ;Sb5 – dft[efiff k7gkf7g ;DjlGw P]g sfg'g kf] ag]sf 5}gg\ ls < ag] klg k|ofKt 5}gg\ ls < ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf geP/ kf] xf] ls < sfo{qmd ug]{ kof{Kt hgzlQm kf] 5}g ls < cfjZos ah]6 kf] 5}g ls < sfo{qmd tyf sfo{gLlt kf] ePg ls < dft[efifLx?n] dfu kf] u/]gg\ ls < tkfO{+n] hlt k|Zg u/] klg ;DjlGwt lgsfo tyf ;/f]sf/x?af6 …k|ofKt 5, sld 5}gÚ eGg] hf]jfkm kfpg' x'g]5 .

@= dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] k|f/De / ljsf;qmd 

dft[efiff ;DjGwL oxfF klg s]xL ePs} 5}g, dxfz'Godf g} 5 eg]/ eGg ;lsGg . k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgf kl5sf] ( jif{ cfn6fndf g} lat] klg @)%% ;fnb]lv kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| -kfljs]_, ;fgf]l7dn] P]lR5s ljifosf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts tof/ ug{ ;'? u¥of] . 8f= xs{ u'?ªn] eg] em} /fHosf] nflu of] emd]nfsf] ljifo lyof] / ;fdu|L tof/Lkl5 kf7\ok':ts ljt/0fdf emg} emd]nfsf] gLlt clVtof/ u/]sf] lyof] – ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o / dfukq;lxt lzIfsn] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no -lhlzsf_df dfu ug'{ kg]{ / lhlzsfn] kfljs]df kfljs]n] ;femfnfO{ ufxfg'{ kg]{ / ;femfnfO{ ef/L k'u]kl5 k'gM ;]n /f]6L . dfu u/]sf] k':ts kfpg ( dlxgf laTYof] . jf:tjdf of] sfo{qmd dft[efifLx?sf] dfu / rfk a9]kl5 h]gt]g ;'? ePsf] lyof] / o]gs]gk|sf/]0f /fHon] Ps bzs latfof] klg .

;j{k|yd 8f= /fdfjtf/ ofbjsf] cWoIftfdf @)%$ ;fndf ul7t % ;b:oLo …/fli6«o efiffdf k|fylds lzIff ;ldltÚn] dft[efiffx?sf] gfpF / ;fn;lxt tf]s]/ kf7\oqmd agfpg l;kmfl/; u¥of] . ;f] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts @)%* ;Dddf g]kfnsf ;a} dft[efiffx?df alg;s]/ @)%( ;Dddf nfu' eO;Sg' kg]{ lyof] t/ ;f] cjlwdf gf}j6f efiffdf dfq kf7\o ;fdu|L tof/ eof] . klxnf] b'O jif{df kfljs]sf] h'g pT;stf / nugzLntf lyof] Tof] 36]/ uPsf] tflnsf–! n] b]vfp5 . o;/L Ps bzssf] cjlwdf dfq !$ j6f dft[efiffdf kf7\o ;fdu|L tof/ ePsf] 5 .
-x]= tflnsf–!_ . o;} ultnfO{ ;dfTg] xf] eg] g]kfndf ePsf !$# j6f efiffdf kf7\o ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ !)$ jif{ nfUg]5 . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 g]kfndfq af]lng] %÷^ j6f efiffeGbf jfx]ssf cGo ;a} ;f;fgf hg;+Vofn] af]Ng] efiffx? nf]k x'g] 5g\ . dft[efiffx? Oltxf;sf] ljifo x'g]5 .

dft[efiffdf kf7\o;fdu|L pTkfbgdf ultlxgtf b]lvg'df dft[efifLx?sf] dltn] klg s]xL dfqfdf e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . Ps y/L du/x? efiffsf] gfpF s] /fVg] …vfdÚ ls …kfªÚ eGg] lzif{ zAbfjnLdf ljjfb rs]{kl5 / s'n'ª efiffsf] kf7\o;fdu|L tof/L ug]{ qmddf s'n'ª;+u …/fO{Ú zAb yKg' kg]{ / gyKg]df ljjfb a9]kl5 tL efiffx?df s'g} sfd x'g;s]g . s] vf]H5;\ sfgf] cfFvf] eg] h:t} x'G5, a9fg'{ kg]{nfO{ xjfn] g} p8fPkl5 . sltko efifLx? cfˆgf] efiffsf] nflu s'g lnlk k|of]u ug]{ / s'g lnlk k|of]u ug{ glbg] eg]/ gfln; lbg d} clNem]sf dfq 5}gg\, t5f8 d5f8 klg ub}{5g\ . st} ;+:yfut bfbflu/L b]vfP/ kz'kltsf ;fF9] aGg]x? klg 5g\ g cfk"m g c?nfO{ g} . dft[efiffsf lzIffnfO{ /0fe'Nndf kfg]{ oL r'gf}ltx?nfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ s'g} pkfo lg:s]sf] 5}g, b]z ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjdf hfg g;s]/ c8s] h:t} .

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg–@)$& n] klxnf] kN6 df}lns xssf] ?kdf g} – cfcfˆgf] efiff, lnlk / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug{ kfpg] / ljBfno vf]n]/ dft[efiffdf k9g kfpg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] -wf/f !*_ . /fHon] dft[efiffdf ljBfno vf]Ng] lhDd]jf/L dft[efifLx?s} sfFwdf /flvlbPsf]n] o;} cg'?k s]xL ;d'bfon] ljz]ifu/L g]jf/, du/, tfdfª, z]kf{ hfltn] sxL st} ljBfno :yfkgf ug]{ k|of; klg u/]sf lyP -g]jf/x?n] cem} rnfO/x]sf 5g\_ . dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg /fHokIf kG5]sf]n] dft[efiff ljBfno ;~rfngaf6 vf;} pknlAw ePg klg . lzIff P]g / lzIff lgodfjnL h'g ;+zf]wg eof] To;n] g]kfnL efifLx?n] cfˆgf] ;fd|fHonfO{ sfod} /fVof], pgLx?nfO{ b]zdf k|hftGq cfPsf] gcfPsf] s'g} cy{ nfu]g . …ljBfno lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnLdf x'g]5Ú -@)%*, bkmf &=!_ eg]/ ;'uf /6fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbof] . o;/L x]bf{ k|hftfGqsfn -@)$&–@)^@_ df dft[efiff ;DjGwL lzIff gLlt k~rfotsfnsf] eGbf vf;} km/s lyPg, ldlt dfq ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] u};k]k/ h:t} pxL ;+:s/0f lyof] eg] klg w]/} km/s kb}{g . k|f1 j}/fuL sfOFnfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf tof/ ul/Psf] /fli6«o efiffgLlt tyf ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg lzIffdGqLsf] b/fheGbf aflx/ cfPg, ToxL s'xfof] . /fi6«sf] d"nwf/af6 ;LdfGts[t ul/Psf eflifs ;d'bfox?sf] :j/ ;'lgg] ;+oGq;Dd k'Ug ;s]g . pgLx?sf] dl;gf :j/x? /fHo ;+oGqn] g;'g]kl5 / s]xL ug{ g;s]kl5 ljBfnoaf6 ;+:s[tefiffsf] ;d|fHonfO{ ljlgdf{0f ug]{lt/ vlgg afx]s pgLx?;+u c? rf/f lyPg, To;} eof] klg .    

#= nf]stGq :yfkgf ePkl5sf] pknlAw  

nf]stGq :yfkgf -@))^ A.D._ ePkl5 dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] nflu lgs} kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5, km6\sf] g} df/]sf] 5 eg] klg x'G5, dfgl;stfdf jfx]s . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] df}lns xsdf g} dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] xssf] Joj:yf u¥of] . k|fylds lzIff kf7Øqmd -@)^#_ ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5, lzIff ljefun] dft[efiffdf k':ts vl/bsf] nflu ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, dft[efiff k9fpg] lzIfsnfO{ yk eQfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, lkmGNof08 ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/ dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] nflu ax'eflifs z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 cflb cflb . dft[efiff lzIff ljsf;sf] nflu tof/ ePsf cfwf/e"t ;|f]tx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5M       

-s_ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^$

§  …k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5Ú -!&=!_

§  …g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;fF:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ xs x'g]5Ú -!&=#_ .

-v_ k|fylds lzIff kf7Øqmd @)^@ -sIff -!–#_

§  kf7\qmdsf] 9fFrfdf :yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff ljifonfO{ 5}7f}+kqsf] ?kdf !)) k"0ff{+s -$ kf7\oef/_ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

§  dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifo M …ljBfnodf k7gkf7g x'g] dft[efiffsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ jx';+Vos ljBfyL{n] af]Ng] dft[efiff 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ 5Ú -&=s_ .

§  …dft[efiffsf] k7gkf7g u/fpg g;lsg] ljBfnox?df :yfgLo txsf] nflu pkof]uL k]zf Joj;fo, wd{, k/Dk/f, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, :yfgLo ;Dkbf, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, v]tLkftL, :yfgLo k|ljlw, rf8kj{, ;fdflhs Jojxf/ cflb :yfgLo ljifo 5gf}6 u/L k7gkf7g u/fpg ;lsg]5Ú -&=v_ .

§  …dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifosf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ;xof]u / lhNnf kf7\oqmd ;dGoj ;ldltsf] ;dGjodf ljBfnoaf6} lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg]5 . lhNnfe/ Pp6} vfnsf] ljifo ldNbf] b]lvPdf lhNnf :t/df / ;|f]ts]Gb| :t/df dfq ldNg] ljifo ePdf ;|f]t s]Gb| :t/Lo ?kdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg]5Ú -&=u_ .

§  …kf7oqmddf :yfgLo c+z M …;dflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snfÚ / …zf/Ll/s lzIffÚ ljifosf] @) k|ltzt kf7\oef/sf] kf7\oqmd / kf7\o;fdu|L ljBfno cfkm}n] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg]5Ú -&=3_.

§  …lzIffsf] dfWod M …k|fylds tx;Ddsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg ;Sg]5Ú *=-s_ / …efiffljifodf cWoog u/fpbf lzIffsf] dfWod ;f]xL efiff x'g ;Sg]5 .Ú *=-u_

-u_ k|f]h]S6 8s'd]G6x?

§  u}/–g]kfnL ljBfyL{x?sf dft[efiffdf lzIffsf nflu lkmGNof08 ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/ jLr Pp6f k|f]h]S6 8s'd]G6 -@))^_ df x:tfIf/ ePsf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] ^ lhNnfsf] & j6f ljBfnodf …ax'eflifs z}lIfs sfo{qmdÚ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . …;a}sf] nflu lzIffÚ ;DjGwL ljleGg k|f]h]S6 8s'd]G6 klg /x]sf] 5 .  

-3_ dxf;GwL, 3f]if0ffkq cflb 

§  g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 cflbjf;L clwsf/ ;DjlGw 3f]if0ffkq–@))& df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;} u/L cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;GwL g+= !^( klg g]kfnsf] ;+;baf6 kfl/t eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] dxf;GwL afWosf/L /x]sf] 5 .

dft[efiffdf lzIffsf nflu tof/ oL cfwf/ / ;+oGqx?nfO{ lgDg lzif{sdf k|:t't u/]/ 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 / sfo{Gjosf] nflu d"naf6f] vf]Ng ;lsG5 .

-$_ dft[efiffdf lzIffsf nflu ePsf Joj:yfx?  

-s_ dft[efiffdf k9g kfpg] clwsf/sf] :yfkgf M

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs sf] :yfkgf ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;baf6 cfOPncf] dxf;GwL g+= !^) kfl/t eO;s]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnn] cflbjf;L clwsf/ ;DjGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf klg x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . oL ;a} cGt/fli6«o bjfjn] klg g]kfnnfO{ g}lts tyf sfg'gL ?kdf rk]/f]df kf/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;+j}wflgs xs :yfkgf eO;s]sf] x'gfn] ca k|flKtsf yk pkfox? vf]lhg' kb{5 .

-v_ lzIffsf] dfWod dft[efiff to  

k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmddf @)^@ ljBfnodf k7gkf7g x'g] …dft[efiffsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ jx';+Vos ljBfyL{n] af]Ng] dft[efiff 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{Ú n]lvPsf] 5 . Ps hfgsf/L cg';f/ s'g} ljBfnodf &% k|ltzt ljBfyL{ Ps dft[efifL ePdf ;f]xL dft[efiffnfO{ ljBfnosf] dfWod efiff 5fGg] gLlt to ul/Paf6 cflbjf;L ax'n If]qsf ljBfnox?df dft[efiff dfWod x'g]5 . kf7\qmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] sIff ! / @ ;fdlhs, lj1fg / ul0ft ljifosf kf7\ok':tsx? dft[efiffdf cg'jfb sfo{ yfn]sf] x'gfn] klg dft[efiffsf] dfWod ;/sf/n] c+ufln;s]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . ca dft[efifL ;d'bfosf] lhDd]jf/L a9L b]v]sf] 5' .

-u_ dft[efiffdf z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ clwsf/ ljBfnonfO{

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] dft[efiff lzIffnfO{ :yfgLos/0f klg u/]sf] 5 . dft[efiff jf :yfgLo ljifosf] kf7\o;fdu|L ljBfno cfkm}n] tof/ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 -&=u_ . ljBfno ckm}+n] kf7\oqmd tof/ ubf{ kf7\o;fdu|L ca z}lIfs 7fn'x?sf] xftaf6 pDs]/ ;f]em} :yfgLo eflifs ;d'bfosf] xftdf k'Ug] 5 / pgLx? g} n]vs tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf dflns aGg] 5g\ . o;} u/L kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|df cfP/ :jLs[t lng'kg]{ emGem6 klg x6]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;|f]t s]Gb|af6} o;sf] lgsf; x'g]5 . gf]6 M ljBfno /]vb]vsf] nflu b'Oj6f uflj;df Pp6f ;|f]t s]Gb| :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 ._

-3_ kf7\o;fdu|L s] s:tf] x'g] <

lzIff dft[efiffdf dfq xf]Og, k9fOg] ljifoj:t' ;d]t dft[efifLx?n] rfx] cg';f/sf] x'g' kb{5 eg]/ ax'eflifs z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ^ j6} kfOn6 lhNnfsf ljBfnox?n] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] cg'jfb u/]sf] kf7\o ;fdu|Lk|lt klg dft[efifL ;d'bfon] 3f]/ c;xdlt hgfPsf 5g\ . dft[efifLx? lj1fg, ul0ft nufotsf ljifox? klg cfˆg} efiffdf dfq xf]Og ljifoj:t' klg cfˆg} ;+:s[lt k/Dk/f, 1fglj1fg cg';f/ /fVg rfxG5g\ . kfljs]n] !)) k"0ff{+ssf] P]lR5s ljifosf] dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts ljBfno cfkm}+n] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf lgs} cufl8 g} u/]sf] xf] M …dft[efiff÷ :yfgLo ljifosf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ;xof]u / lhNnf kf7\oqmd ;dGoj ;ldltsf] ;dGjodf ljBfnoaf6} lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg]5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo eflifs ;d'bfonfO{ ePsf] x'gfn] of] clwsf/ ;d'bfosf] xftdf k/]sf] k|i6} 5 . o;sf ;fy} cGo :yfgLo ljifosf] nflu klg tf]lsPsf] 5 M … pkof]uL k]zf Joj;fo, wd{, k/Dk/f, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, :yfgLo ;Dkbf, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, v]tLkftL, :yfgLo k|ljlw, rf8kj{, ;fdflhs Jojxf/ cflb :yfgLo ljifo 5gf}6 u/L k7gkf7g u/fpg ;lsg]5Ú -&=v_ .  o;sf nflu kfljs]n] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf -k|fylds tx_ @)^$ k|sflzt ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ kf7\o ;fdu|L 5gf}6df s'g} /f]s7f]s 5}g t/ s;/L eg]/ k|i6 x'g cfjZos 5 . 

-ª_ dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] ljBfno 5gf}6 s;/L <

dfly $-v_ df elgP em} …dft[efiffsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ jx';+Vos ljBfyL{n] af]Ng] dft[efiff 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{Ú Joj:yf eP cg';f/ / ljBfnodf &% k|ltzt ljBfyL{ Ps dft[efifL ePdf ;f]xL dft[efiffnfO{ ljBfnosf] dfWod efiff 5fGg] gLlt to ul/Paf6 ca dft[efifL ljBfno 5fGg ufx|f] 5}g . o;}u/L s'g} ljBfno b'O jf ;f] eGbf a9L u}/–g]kfnL efifL eP ;f]xL cg';f/ ax'efifL sIff ;~rfng ug{ klg ;lsG5 . ax'eflifs z}lIfs sfo{qmdn] emfkf / ;'g;/Lsf Ps÷Ps ljBfnonfO{ ax'eflifs ljBfnosf] ?kdf 5fg]sf] 5 . emfkfdf ;Gyfn tyf /fhj+zL efiff / ;'g;/Ldf p/fj -emfFu8_ / d}lynL efiff 5g\ . o;} u/L s'g} dft[efifL afx'No gePsf] If]qdf cyf{t\ cNk;+Vos ePsf] cj:yfdf dft[efifLx?n] cfkm\gf] dft[efiffnfO{ ljifosf] ?kdf k9g] xssf] ?kdf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 .  

-r_ dft[efiffsf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf 

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] dft[efiffnfO{ P]lR5s ljifosf] ?kdf /fv]/ sIff ! b]lv % ;Ddsf] kf7\o ;fdu|L tof/ u/]/ ljt/0f ul/x]sf] xf] . t/ s]xL jif{ otf dft[efiffsf k':ts sxfF kfOG5 yfxf kfpg ;fx|f]ufx|f] ag]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] k|fylds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgz'Ns Joj:yf u/]sf] x'gfn] lzIff ljefun] k':ts vl/bsf] nflu Psd'i6 /sd ljBfnonfO{ k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf km/s kf/fn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|fylds txsf] ^ j6} k':tssf] nflu /sd lgsf;f eO/x]sfn] ca ;f] /sd s]df vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 ljBfno;+u a'e\mg' kg]{ x'G5 . tof/L s]xL dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd 5fKg / ljt/0f ug{ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] gLlh If]qnfO{ lbg] lgwf] u/]/ k6sk6s ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf klg hf/L ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;DejtM o;sf] klg 6'ª\uf] o;} z}lIfs jif{leq nfUg]5 .   

%= sxf“ 5g\ Uofkx? 

oL ;a} Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg dft[efifL ljBfno ;~rfng ePsf] ;'lgb}g . ax'eflifs z}lIfs sfo{qmd nfu' ug]{qmddf g]kfnsf 5 j6} kfOn6 lhNnfsf ljBfnodf k'u]/ ljBfno 5gf}6 6f]nLn] lzIfsx?nfO{ dft[efiffsf k':tsaf/] k|Zg /fv] . pgLx?n] k':ts ePsf] yfxf 5}g eg] . kf7\ok':ts tof/Lsf] nflu ljBfnonfO{ lbOPsf] cflwsf/ klg pgLx?nfO{ yfxf 5}gg\ eg] . sltko yfxf ePsf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lzIfsx? of] lhDd]jf/L af]Sg tof/ b]lvPg . lsg o:tf] < o:tf]  cGof]n lsg eof] < Uofdx? sxfFsxfF 5g\ < vf]Hg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . ;f]emf] jf 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] ut 8]9 bzsb]lv d o;} If]qdf ;+nUg ePsf] gftfn] d}n] b]v];'g]sf s]xL Uofdx? oxfF k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' / cGo Uofdx? klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u 5nkmn u/]/ lgsflng' cfjZos 5 .   

-s_ dft[efiffaf/] /fli6«o efiff gLlt 5}g M clxn] ;a} eGbf v8\s]sf] s'/f xfdL;+u dft[efiffaf/] s'g} /fli6« gLlt g} 5}g . s;}n] g]kfnsf] efiff gLlt s] xf] < jf dft[efiffdf lzIff gLlt s] xf] < eg]/ ;f]Wof] eg]  cSdlSsg' afx]s xfdL;+u s'g} hf]jfkm x'b}g . o;tf] d;+u ePsf] 5 . k|f1 j}/fuL sfOFnfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ag]sf] …/fli6«o efiff gLlt ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)%)Ú dGqfnosf] b/fhdf yGs]sf] w]/} eof], l;gf kl/;s]sf] xf]nf . nfu' ul/Pg . o;kl5sf ;a} dft[efiff ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx? /fli6«o gLlt lagf g} rln/x]sf 5g\, dfp lagfsf] rNnf h:t} . o;af/] dfu klg p7]sf] xf], t/ cfh;Dd g s'g} gLlt aGof] g ag]sf] gLlt g} sfo{Gjog eof] . 6'qm] gLltsf e/df /fi6« /fd|f];+u rNg' ;Sb}g . clxn] sltko cGof}ntf klg o;} sf/0fn] b]lvPsf] 5 . …g]kfnsf] /fli6«o efiff gLltÚ / o;} cGtu{t …dft[efiff lzIff gLltÚ agfP/ nfu' ul/g' cfjZos 5 . 

-v_ dft[efiff lzIfssf] Joj:yf slxn] < M clxn];Dd ;/sf/n] dft[efiffdf k7gkf7gsf] nflu lzIfssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g . dft[efiff lzIfs ljgf efiffsf] k7gkf7g s;/L ;Dej x'G5 < of] k|foM dgdf p7g] lh1f;f xf]. dft[efiff k9fpg rfxg] ljBfnonfO{ ;/sf/n] …dft[efiff lzIfsÚsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 eg]/ bzf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf th'{df ubf{ b]lvg} ;j{q p7]sf] dfu xf] . clxn];Dd o; dfusf] ;Djf]wg ePsf] 5}g . dft[efiffsf] lzIff g;lk|g'df o;nfO{ k|d'v sf/0f dflgPsf] 5 .

xfnnfO{ dft[efiff lzIfs sf]6f ;Dej geP ljBfnodf sfo{/t\ lzIfsnfO{ g} …dft[efiff lzIfsÚ tf]s]/ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 / ;f] ljBfnodf dft[efiffsf lzIfs pknAw geP ;?jf u/]/ eg] klg dft[efifL ljBfyL{sf] xs clwsf/ / rfxgfnfO{ k'/f ul/g' kb{5 eg]/ ljsNk k|:t't u/]sf] klg lgs} eO;s]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ k'gM dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] d'2f agfpg' cfjZos 5 / ;/sf/n] klg dft[efiff k|lt ;Dj]bgzLn b]vfpg o;nfO{ l56f] ;dfwfg ug]{lt/ sbd rfNg' kb{5 .

-u_ dft[efiff lzIfs tflnd slxn] < dft[efiffdf kf7\ok':ts tof/ u/]/ ljt/0f u/]sf] Ps bzs ePklg tL kf7\ok':ts k9fpg] lzIfsnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5}g . eflifs ;d'bfo cfkm}+n] Tof] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . :jtM :km"t{ dft[efiff k9fO/x]sf] dft[efiff lzIfs / sf]6fsf] Joj:yf ePkl5 lgo'Qm x'g] lzIfsx?nfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 . tof/L kf7\ok':tsaf/] klg s;/L lzIf0f ug]{af/] lzIfsnfO{ k|lzIf0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

-3_ kf7\o ;fdu|L tof/L s;/L < M ljBfnonfO{ g} :yfgLo kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L tof/Lsf] nflu clwsf/ t lbPsf] 5 t/ tL ljBfnonfO{ rflxg] cfjZos tflnd jf ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOb}g . lgb]{lzsfsf] e/df ljBfno cfkm}+n] o:tf] sfo{ ug{ ;Dej gx'g ;S5 . o;} u/L :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ s;/L kl/rfng ug]{ o;af/] klg s'g} 7f]; gLlt b]lvPsf] 5}g . o;af/] klg 5nkmn x'g cfjZos 5 .

-ª_ k':ts sxf“ kfOG5 < M kfljs]n] clxn] ;Dd !$ efiffdf k':ts tof/ u/]sf] 5 t/ cfjZos dfqfdf k':tsx? sxfF kfOG5, k':ts ljt/0f ug]{ ;+:yf k|i6 5}g . o; jif{ dft[efifLx?n] k':ts vf]Hb} kfljs] / lzIff ljefu bf}8w'k u/] . kfljs] xfdL kf7\o;fdu|L tof/L dfq u5f}{ / gd'gfsf] nflu dfq 5fK5f} eg]/ lzIff ljefu b]vfpF5 / lzIff ljefu xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L leq kb}{g eGof] . o;} u/L sfo{Gjog / d"Nof+sg kIfsf] af/]df klg ;'lgG5 . k':ts k|fKt ug{ ;lhnf] pkfosf] cjnDag ul/g\ kb{5 .  

-r_ dft[efiff ;DjGwL e|dsf] v]tL M …cfhsf] PsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf klg dft[efiffsf] s'/f ug]{ < c+u|]hL k9fpgf];\Ú eg]/ k|hftGq sfnsf sltko lhNnf lzIff clwsf/LHo"x?n] lzIfsx?nfO{ wfk df/]/ xtf]T;flxt u/]sf] / ;femfaf6 k|sflzt …nfFnLu'/f;Ú c+u|hL k':ts lsGg nufPsf] s'/f sltko lzIfsx?n] JoQm u/]sf lyP . of] k|hftGqsflng s'/f xf] . ca nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf eO;s]sf] 5 . nf]stGqsfnsf lzIffdGqL k|bLk g]kfnn] jfx]s lzIff;+u ;Djlwt kbflwsf/Lx?n] To;f] eg]sf] ;'lgPsf] 5}g t/ o;sf] v]tL htftt} ul/Psf] 5 . of] :jefljs ?kn] p7]sf] xf] jf lgotjz xf] eGg ;lsGg . o;af/] e|d lrg]{ sfd ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf ;fy} cflbjf;L hghflt;+u ;DjlGwt ;j} ;+3;+:yfx?sf] xf] . o;tf e|d x6fpgsf nflu dft[efiffsf] dxTjaf/]sf] ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g' cfjZos 5 .

-5_ dft[efiffaf/] ;r]tg uf]i7Lsf] cfjZostf M kf7\oqm ljsf; s]Gb|n] !$ dft[efiff P]lR5s ljifosf] k':tssf cltl/Qm % j6f efiffdf afn;Gbe{ ;fdu|L klg k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 t/ w]/}nfO{ yfxf 5}g . k|rf/k|zf/sf] sdLn] 5fofdf k/]sf] 5 . a]nfa]nfdf hg:t/df /x]sf ljleGg dft[efiff;+u ;DjlGwt ;+3;+:yf;+u ldn]/ 5nkmn uf]i7Lx?sf] cfof]hgf u/]/ / dft[efiffsf kqklqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]/ cfˆgf] pknlAwnfO{ ljlgdo ug'{ cfjZos 5 . 5f8f] 6fg]{ vfnsf sfdn] dfq e|dsf] v]tL sd x'b}g .

o;t} s}of}+ Uofk\x? x'g ;Sb5g\ 5nkmn u/]/ Uofk\x?sf] klxrfg ul/g' cfjZos 5 / klxrfg ePsf Uofkx?nfO{ Odfgbf/Lk"j{s sfo{Gjog ul/g' ;DjlGwt lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L x'g'kb{5 . clxn];Dd ;/sf/n] s]xL u/]g eg]/ dft[efifLn] ufnL dfq ug]{ / ;/sf/n] klg dft[efiffsf] k':ts :6f]/d} y'k|]sf] 5, k9fpg g} rfxb}g eg]/ lxnf] 5Øfkf5Øfk dfq u/]/ s;}sf] enf] x'b}g . b'j} kIf Jojxfl/s aGg' cfjZos b]V5' . O:o'df cfwfl/t eP/ 5nkmn u¥of] eg] ;dfwfg glg:s]nf / < csf]{ Pp6f kIf xf] – ljBfno kl/jf/ . dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] nflu ljBfnonfO{ g} clwsf/ ;f}+k]sf] 5 t/ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lzIfsn] o; af/]df st} s]xL af]n]sf] jf n]vsf] yfxf 5}g . Tof] kIf a8f] df}g 5, To;lt/ xfd|f] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g' cfjZos 5, oxL+af6 w]/} ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;lsG5 .

cGTodf eGg ;lsG5, k|f/De lg/fzfhgs 5}g, dft[efiffdf lzIffsf nflu w]/} sfo{qmdx? ;'? ePsf 5g\ . t/ xft afFw]/ j:g] a]nf klg xf]Og of] . r'gf}ltx? w]/} 5g\ / cem w]/} ylkg ;Sb5g\ . dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] nflu ;Dj}wflgs k|fjwfg klg dft[efifLsf] kIfdf ;xh / u|fxØ 5}g -!&=!_ . o;n] ;/sf/nfO{ dgkl/ JofVof ug]{ 7fpF lbPsf] 5 . t/ nf]stGq eg]sf] hgtfsf], hgtfn] g} / hgtfsf] nflu ePsf] x'gfn] eljio pT;fxhgs 5 / b]z clxn] nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ lbzflt/ pGd'v eO/x]sf] klg 5 .

…s'g} hfltsf] sfg'geGbf /fi6«sf] sfg'g cflwsfl/s / /fli6«o sfg'geGbf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g cflwsfl/s / dfGoÚ x'g] x'bf cfOPncf] cle;GwL !^(, cflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/ ;DjGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkqdf x:tfIf/ u/]/ g]kfnn] /fd|f] pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf /fli6«o P]gsfg'gx? ;f]xL lbzflt/ pGd'v x'g]5g\ . dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] nflu g]kfnn] xfn rfn]sf] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] kl/rfng ug{ dft[efifLx?n] ca cfˆgf] :yfg / e"ldsf vf]lhg' kb{5 . gq …emnf{ / vfpnfÚ eg]/ kv]{/ a;]df :ofnsf] lgoltdf k'Ug ;Sb5 . ;a} s'/f l7s7fs x'bf klg sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L gx'g'df c9fO;o jif{sf] d"nwf/sf] ;+:sf/ xf] eGg] s'/f ;LdfGts[t dft[efifLx?n] a'em}s} s'/f xf], a'em krfpg] jf gkrfpg] Tof] cfˆg} v'zL . dft[efifLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] dft[efiff ;+/If0f ug]{ / ;Dj4{g ug]{ ltvf{ nfu]sf] 5 / Tof] s'/f vf]nfnfO{ klg yfxf eO;s]sf] 5, t/ p;n] wfFp5 / <

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / dft[efiffdf sIff ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/ :yfgLo eflifs ;d'bfo} sfFwdf /x]sf]n] ;DjlGwt ;a}n] o;nfO{ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ 9+un] k|ltj4tfsf ;fy sfFw lbg] xf] eg] / lzIfsx? dft[efiffk|lt Odfgbf/ x'g] xf] eg] g]kfndf dft[efiff lzIffn] km8\sf] dfg{ ;Sb5 . g]kfndf cflbjf;Lx?sf] df}lns 1fg, lj1fg / lrGtgsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 . ax'eflifstfsf] v]tLn] g]kfndf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg]5 . ljZjs} nflu of] b]z csf]{ …kfk'jf Go'lugLÚ aGg ;Sb5 . ljZjsf ax'eflifs d'n'ssf efiffzf:qL tyf lzIffzf:qLx? / dfgjclwsf/jfbLx? g]kfnn] u/]sf] k|ultlt/ cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] 5g\ . /fHon] clxn];Dd clezfk ;f]r]sf] ax'eflifstf ck"j{ a/bfg ;fljt x'g ;Sb5 . o; lbzflt/ xfdL ;a}sf] dg knfcf];\, kfOnf df]l8of];\ . z'esfdgf Û  

December 19, 2007

;Gbe{u|Gy:

!= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&, >L % sf] ;/sf/, sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ .

@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ .

#= k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd sIff !–# @)^@, g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff tyf v]ns'n dGqfno, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ .

$= :yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf -k|fylds tx_ @)^$, g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff tyf v]ns'n dGqfno, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ .

%= /fli6«o efiffdf k|fylds lzIff ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg -@)%$_, lzIff dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ .

^= /fli6«o efiffgLlt tyf ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg -@)%)), lzIff dGqfno, aa/dxn .

&= lzIff P]g @)@* -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg, @)^)_, sf7df8f}+ .

8.    International Labor Organization Convention No. 169, UN

9.    UN Delectation on the Right of Indigenous People's (2007)

10. Project Document for Finnish Technical Assistance to the Implementation of the 'Bilingual Education Programme for all non-Nepali Speaking Students of Primary Schools of Nepal Final (May 2006)

11. Inception Report: Multilingual Education Program for all non-Nepali Speaking Students of Primary Schools of Nepal, MLE, Inclusive Section, Department of Education, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur 

Amrit Yonjan-Tamang is a linguist, author of many books & now National Technical Advisor (NTA) in Multilingual Education Program, Inclusive Section, Department of Education, Ministry of Education and Sports, GON, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.
Comments? Write him at: amrityonjan@yahoo.com

Amrit Yonjan Tamang is a linguist, author of many books & the National Technical Advisor (NTA), Multilingual Education Program, Inclusive Section, Department of Education, Ministry of Education and Sports, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.
Comments? Write him at: amrityonjan@yahoo.com
भाषाशास्‍त्री अमृत योञ्‍जन तामाङको मातृभाषाबारे लेख नियमित प्रकाशित हुनेछ। हरेक साता शुक्रवार वहाँले लेख्‍नुहुने हाम्रो बोली पढ्‍न नभुल्‍नुहोला।

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